无线传感器网络同步技术 PDF下载

PREFACE
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Wireless Sensor Networks
1.2 Time Synchronization
1.3 Importance of Time Synchronization
1.4 History of Clock Synchronization
1.5 Outline
2 SIGNAL MODELS FOR TIME SYNCHRONIZATION
2.1 Definition of Clock
2.2 Design Considerations
2.3 Delay Components in Timing Message Delivery
3 TIME SYNCHRONIZATION PROTOCOLS
3.1 Pairwise Synchronization
3.1.1 Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks(TPSN)
3.1.2 Tiny-Sync and Mini-Sync
3.1.3 Reference Broadcast Synchronization(RBS)
3.1.4 Flooding Time Synchronization Protocol(FTSP)
3.2 Network-Wide Synchronization
3.2.1 Extension of TPSN
3.2.2 Lightweight Time Synchronization(LTS)
3.2.3 Extension of RBS
3.2.4 Extension of FTSP
3.2.5 Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization(PBS)
3.2.6 Time Diffusion Protocol(TDP)
3.2.7 Synchronous and Asynchronous Diffusion Algorithms
3.2.8 Protocols Based on Pulse Transmissions
3.3 Adaptive Time Synchronization
3.3.1 Rate-Adaptive Time Synchronization(RATS)
3.3.2 RBS-based Adaptive Clock Synchronization
3.3.3 Adaptive Multi-Hop Time Synchronization(AMTS)
4 FUNDAMENTAL APPROACHES TO TIME SYNCHRONIZATION
4.1 Sender-Receiver Synchronization(SRS)
4.2 Receiver-Only Synchronization(ROS)
4.3 Receiver-Receiver Synchronization(RRS)
4.4 COmparisons
5 MINIMUM VARIANCE UNBIASED ESTIMATION(MVUE)OF CLOCK OFFSET
5.1 The System Architecture
5.2 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Using Order Statistics(BLUE-OS)
5.2.1 Symmetric Link Delays
5.2.2 Asymmetric Link Delays
5.3 Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation(MVUE)
5.3.1 Asymmetric Link Delays
5.3.2 Symmetric Link Delays
5.4 Explanatory Remarks
6 CLOCK OFFSET AND SKEW ESTIMATION
6.1 Gaussian Delay Model
6.1.1 Maximum Likelihood(ML) Clock Offset Estimation
6.1.2 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB) for Clock Offset
6.1.3 Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation(JMLE) of Clock Offset and Skew
6.1.4 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB) for Clock Offset and Skew
6.2 Exponential Delay Model
6.2.1 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB) for Clock Offset
6.2.2 Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation(JMLE) of Clock Offsetand Skew
7 COMPUTATIONALLY SIMPLIFIED ScHEMEs FOR ESTIMATION OF CLOCK OFFSET AND SKEW
7.1 Using the First and the Last Data Sample
7.1.1 Gaussian Delay Model
7.1.2 Exponential Delay Model
7.1.3 Combination of Clock Offset and Skew Estimation
7.1.4 Simulation Results
7.2 Fitting the Line Between Two Points at Minimum Distance Apart
7.2.1 Simulation Results
7.2.2 Computational Complexity Comparison
8 PAIRWISE BROADCAST SYNCHRONIZATION(PBS)
8.1 Synchronization for Single-Cluster Networks
8.2 Comparisons and Analysis
8.3 Synchronization for Multi-Cluster Networks
8.3.1 Network-Wide Pair Selection Algorithm(NPA)
8.3.2 Group-Wise Pair Selection Algorithm(GPA)
8.4 Comparisons and Analysis
9 ENERGY-EFFICIENT ESTIMATION OF CLOCK OFFSET FOR INACTIVE NODES
9.1 Problem Formulation
9.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation(MLE)
9.3 Cramer-Rao Lower Bound(CRLB)
9.3.1 CRLB for the Clock Offset of Inactive Node *
9.3.2 CRLB for the Clock Offset of Active Node *
9.4 Simulation Results
10 SOME IMPROVED AND GENERALIZED ESTIMATION SCHEMES FOR CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION OF INACTIVE NODES
10.1 Asymmetric Exponential Link Delays
10.1.1 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Using Order Statistics(BLUE-OS)
10.1.2 MINIMUMV ARIANCUEN BIASEEDS TIMATIO(MN VUE)
10.1.3 Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE) Estimation
10.2 Symmetric Exponential Link Delays
10.2.1 Best Linear Unbiased Estimation Using Order Statistics(BLUE-OS)
10.2.2 Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation(MVUE)
10.2.3 Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE) Estimation
11 ADAPTIVE MULTI-HOP TIME SYNCHRONIZATION(AMTS)
11.1 Main Ideas
11.2 Level Discovery Phase
11.3 Synchronization Phase
11.4 Network Evaluation Phase
11.4.1 Synchronization Mode Selection
11.4.2 Determination of Synchronization Period
11.4.3 Determination of the Number of Beacons
11.4.4 Sequential Multi-Hop Synchronization Algorithm(SMA)
11.5 Simulation Results
12 CLOCK DRIFT ESTIMATION FOR ACHIEVING LONG-TERM SYNCHRONIZATION
12.1 Problem Formulation
12.2 The Estimation Procedure
13 JOINT SYNCHRONIZATION OF CLOCK OFFSET AND SKEW IN a RECEIVER-REcEIVER PROTOCOL
13.1 Modeling Assumptions
13.2 Joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation(JMLE)of the Offset and Skew
13.3 Application of the Gibbs Sampler
13.4 Performance Bounds and Simulations
14 ROBUST ESTIMATION OF CLOCK OFFSET
14.1 Problem Modeling and Objectives
14.2 Gaussian Mixture Kalman Particle Filter(GMKPF)
14.3 Testing the Performance of GMKPF
14.4 Composite Particle Filtering(CPF) with Bootstrap Sampling(BS)
14.5 Testing the Performance of CPF and CPF with BS
15 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
ACRONYMS
REFERENCES
INDEX